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Survivors of three recent disasters -- the Northern California fires,adult movie | Adult Movies Online the Las Vegas mass shooting, and Hurricane Maria -- used social media and texting as lifelines to connect with loved ones, seek aid, and search for the latest developments.

A new study, however, suggests that people who get updates during a major crisis from unofficial channels like random social media accounts are most exposed to conflicting information. And those who relied on and trusted social media more, experienced increased psychological distress compared to those who less frequently looked to and believed social media reports.

The study, published in Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, surveyed 3,890 students whose campus was locked down during an active shooter situation. Since it's difficult, if not impossible, to begin a scientific study during a life-threatening disaster or crisis, the researchers asked students about their experience a week after the incident and analyzed five hours of Twitter data about the shooting. (Details about what happened were anonymized at the university's request.)

"If random people you don’t know are tweeting information that seems really scary -- and, in particular, if you're in a lockdown and someone is tweeting about multiple shooters -- that’s anxiety-provoking," says Nickolas M. Jones, the study's lead author and a doctoral candidate at the University of California, Irvine.

While nearly everyone said they turned to officials like school authorities and the police, some people also reported seeking more information from other sources, including social media, family, and friends. The researchers found that the people who reported relying on Twitter as well as text messages from loved ones had more exposure to conflicting information. They also said they felt more distress.

Jones says that people might turn to social media to feel more control in the midst of a crisis, especially if authorities aren't sharing regular updates. But that sense of control just might be an illusion if someone instead sees rumors and conflicting information and feels more anxious as a result.

"You’re going to feel something no matter what because you’re a human being," says Jones. "Where you go from there to mitigate anxiety is what really matters."

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In other words, it's perfectly normal to seek information from any available source and to have an emotional response to rapidly unfolding events. But people who feel helpless during a crisis may be primed to see patterns where none exist, making rumors and misinformation particularly dangerous. Their ability to process and scrutinize information may also be diminished.

While Jones and his co-authors only surveyed those affected first-hand by the lockdown, he believes the public might experience a similar dynamic during crises, particularly if people are somehow connected to what's going on. Think, for example, of the last time you scrolled through social media during a disaster and tried to sort through confusing accounts and rumors. It's probably not that hard to recall a sense of creeping anxiety.

Part of the broader problem is that the public now seems to expect fast and frequent updates thanks to the speed of social media, but authorities often still operate with tremendous caution. In the campus shooter case, 90 minutes transpired between two official updates from the police. During the entire incident, Jones and his co-authors found that some false rumors, including information about multiple shooters and what they were wearing, were retweeted hundreds of times.

The study's authors recommend that emergency management officials stay in regular contact with people. Even if they don't have new information, they can still send messages that help alleviate anxiety and uncertainty by addressing the situation and reassuring the public. They should also monitor social media for rumors and "tackle them head on," says Jones.

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The Federal Emergency Management Agency, for example, compiled a list of debunked rumors regarding Hurricane Maria recovery efforts in Puerto Rico. The city of Santa Rosa and Sonoma County, both of which were devastated by fires in Northern California last week, posted tweets to address rumors. Efforts like these are crucial. It's equally important to ensure people can actually access official websites, social media pages, and text message updates in the midst of a disaster.

But the bottom line, says Jones, is learning to seek news carefully: "For anybody who’s turning to social media to get critical updates during a crisis, I think they just need to be skeptical about some of the information they’re seeing from unofficial sources."